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DE AGRI Mensur

Hi! I have the pleasure to host this blog in the treatise written by Anonimus Land Survey, a friend of Pisa. This treatise has reached me. Pdf and is about 4 pages long, so with permission I made the statement posted below.

"De agri Mensura" <<1.2 Unità di misura
1.2.1 Work on the history of the unit of measurement for each field is crucial to quantify at least two parameters: the shape and surface. The second is by far the easier, in fact, a number which area we want to express how great this field. To do this you define a unit of sample surface with which to measure all fields, we introduce new units, but the human history has given so much, that it would be foolish and arrogant to invent others. For example one of the first unitμa measurement used in ancient Egypt, was the cubit square, defined as a square with each side the human forearm, which is why the Egyptian depictions are often represented people with arms bent to the ground, just because intent to carry out field measurements. This activity then did the math. However, after people got tired of bending over to measure the fields, there were also problems because some people had too long forearms, and measuring means less than it actually was. Thus was invented the square step, defined as a square with a step-by-side, but if this solves the back problems, did not do justice to the people of small stature, which measured the field more than they did in reality, and they were forced to pay more taxes. Infinene, because men were too different from each other, we decided to adopt the acres: acres with the global consensus is defined as land that can be plowed by a pair of oxen to the yoke in a day's work. It remained to define the working day, and some suggested, a little sharply, with defined as the elapsed time from sunrise to sunset, except for lunch, but this way the surface of the same field varied with latitude and the seasons, which would cause many problems. So they built Magniton hourglass, a large hourglass in the sand takes exactly the time set by global consensus as a day of work, it is calibrated by the weighted average duration of days in the year, counting the influence of the moon and tides and the attraction luni-solar. In this way we got to the modern definition of unit area, the acres. If someone wants to measure the surface of a field, must obtain one or more pairs of oxen to the yoke test and see how long it takes to plow the whole field, because if in a day's work a pair of oxen plowing 1 acre, 2 pairs areranno 2 acres at the same time. It must also obtain an hourglass Magniton, but not μe difficult to build, the important thing is to follow the letter of the specification, which we omit here, and then test it hourglasses Magniton certification office. 1.2.2 The story continues, however even the ancient Swiss realized that this definition could not last long. Since in Switzerland the fields are all or most of the hills, some really steep, it happened that the two did not do oxen to plow a steep slope for both their size and for the fatigue conveyed behind the plow. So if the Swiss had abided by the definition, because the oxen did not do it to the top, they would used an infinite time to plow the field, it appeared that all of their surface areas were endless! Ohibò, "said he concluded that this argument first. As the surface of Switzerland is indeed different from zero, but not infinite, at least in Europe it was decided to change unitμa measurement. In Egypt, and in all low-lying nations, since there are no such problems, continued to use the acre as a unit, and construct hourglasses Magniton, who instead ended up in Switzerland in destruction. So in Europe it was decided to change the unit of measure: having to respect the canons of universality, however, required, without having to calculate mad follies of integrals for fields with a complicated shape, il problema rimase irrisolto per molti secoli, ed ogni nazione infine scelse delle definizioni adatte al suo territorio. Durante quel periodo gli Egizi, in groppa ai loro buoi, si facevano beffe degli Europei che riempivano lavagnate e lavagnate per misurare un campo un po’ ondulato. Si arrivµo così al periodo di Isaac Newton, il quale accordò tutti con questo ragionamento: tutti i problemi nascono dalla pendenza dei declivi o dalle asperità presenti nel campo; ebbene, scindiamo il problema di misurarli, dal problema di capire se compiere tale misura sia possibile. Così egli definì la misura di Newton per i campi, sostanzialmente identica a quella degli Egizi, eccetto per il fatto che i buoi erano di razza angla. Gli Egizi si infuriarono, they had been the idea of \u200b\u200bthis measure, even if Newton if he took all the credit, so that today in all the books we talk about measurable fields according to Newton. Some contrasts to prevent arable use the word instead of just that phrase, but it is clear that indicate the same concepts. So areas of Switzerland, and in general those of much slope or asperitμa important, are simply not measurable according to Newton, or non-arable. It will only be Lebesgue, a Frenchman who emigrated to Switzerland for work, two centuries after Newton, to finally resolve the case of non-measurable, and to give the definition for non-measurable. However, if the definition is exhaustive for a discussion Complete the fields, even those not on the ground, is not as giμa said, from our own, so we will use only that of Newton or the Egyptians, avoiding any problem.>>

NOTE: A quick find a way to make the file available pdf for those who want to read the parts not mentioned, but for now I still have not figured out how to do ...

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Submerged 1. The Monastery of St. Philip the Great

Messina is a city of three millennia of history. Much of his past is destroyed, forgotten, buried, submerged. One of these is the lost cities of Byzantine Messina, a place closer to Constantinople than in Rome, where the current language was Greek, the Church has practiced the rite greek and monasteries were Basilian. The city of the Strait and the entire territory of Valdemone were filled in the eighth century by the arrival of Eastern monks fleeing persecution iconoclast, who brought with them traditions, arts and ceremonies.

hermitages, monasteries and convents were built throughout southern Italy, radiating from a central main identified almost exactly the same with the city of Messina, then a crossroads of peoples and nations. Here as elsewhere, the guidelines for the distribution of major monastic centers followed the lines of communication, especially as our streets and our typical torrents. This strategy of irradiation, reasoned and planned, obeying the logic of the ecumenical Basilian centers, as well as to specific instances of an economic organization as the control and exploitation of vast areas of agricultural lands and valleys, with the creation of collective points centralization of rustic property such as warehouses, mills, millstones and mills.

map of the village of San Filippo Superiore

The monastery of St. Philip the Great , fully follows this logic and is a perfect example of this regional strategy. Founded seven miles south of downtown, " out of the woods door" along the torrent of Pistunina or Contesse , it was built around the cave, still be visited, which is believed to have been inhabited around the fourth fifth century by St. Philip Agira. The monastery was declared free and exempt from all secular and ecclesiastical 1100, although the official date of founding (or re-establishment of Norman) and May 1145, as we said a diploma of Roger I.

In the book " Messina noble" is described as the monastery to an abbey " for beauty and comfort of rooms, to the cool gardens and fountains, the site plan and leading to the air healthy , is required for the most beautiful place among the other Abbadi, S. Basil in Sicily, "and indeed it was considered the fairest of the Basilian monasteries arose in Sicily.

The Monastery of St. Philip was able to centralize its facilities and appliances around the population of the valley, contributing decisively to the creation of the village of St. Philip, the land reclamation and cultivation, the planting of plant species, the organization of production and trade (even those related to sericulture, peculiarissimi the history of our city), the settlement of the residential complex, the coordination "political" and cultural area, all this took place in the name and under the supervision of the monks.

Between 1328 and 1336, as stated by the fourteenth century papal registers and records of visits made dall'archimandrita Nympho, the Monastery of San Salvatore, in the general decay of monasticism in Sicily greek, San Filippo continued to enjoy the conditions are not too uncomfortable. In the fifteenth century, it, like so many other sites of religious rite greek, passed into the hands of commendatory abbots, and then undergo a major restructuring following the 1783 earthquake.

Today the monastery, after having long been private property, he joined the city-owned property. Purchased and abandoned to decay for years, the structure has unfortunately lost most of the furniture which had been forwarded to the public good and many of its parts are cadute in rovina.

Nonostante questo, il Consorzio Itinerari Basiliani che lo gestisce sta di recente compiendo un’opera di riscoperta e rivalutazione storica, documentaristica e architettonica, organizzando e coordinando studi, ricerche e iniziative di carattere scientifico e divulgativo, anche in collaborazione con la Cooperativa MediArte.

Il livello di interramento del cortile centrale e lo stato di alcune pertinenze promettono comunque una messe di dati archeologici importanti, che potranno venire fuori a seguito di future campagne di scavo.

Who was Saint Basil?

St. Basil the Great, Bishop and Doctor of the Church, was born around 330 in Caesarea of \u200b\u200bCappadocia. It was definitely a "family tradition" because his grandfather was a martyr and a grandmother, both parents and three brothers saints. In the 49 years of his life, after teaching rhetoric and visiting the great ascetics of his time in Egypt, Palestine and Mesopotamia, became Bishop of Caesarea and devoted himself to the administration of its territory and the organization of charitable activities. His "citadel of charity" or "Basiliade" were centers which function as the inn, hospice, orphanage, hospital and leper colony that gave him a strong influence on the people of his diocese. The appellation "Great", officially bestowed by the Catholic Church distinguishes it as one of the main characters of Christianity.

The Basilian and the Rule

Basilian Rule, in brief, the representation of monastic life as the ideal state to achieve perfection in Christ. After meeting the various forms of monasticism and hermitage of his time to the origins of Christianity, Basilio decides that the best way for the man of God is not that isolation, but that of the Monastery, a community of monks with autonomous cells and places of meditation, but with places of prayer and work collectives. In this way, in fact the monks were able to correct their defects and to support each other in times of distress. Basil also wished that the monks were an integral part of community life, so they also exercised his pastoral ministry and lived in districts close to residential areas, ongoing relationship with the world as well as the absolute. The manual labor and craft practices were considered essential. I designed and built by Byzantine monks only their houses, their places of worship and the structures of Basiliade, weaving clothes, blankets and tapestries for themselves, their churches and the needy, manufacture shoes and footwear, farmers their medicinal gardens or agricultural land in the surroundings of their convents.

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Milestones 13. Living in the islands. Four thousand years ago ... Milestones

Friendship with the formidable archaeologist Messina Alessio Toscano Raffa allows us to raise a new tone and a new item in this blog, dedicated to Messina and Cape Pelorus, archeology, history , nature and the laws of this territory.
Alessio Toscano Raffa, editor and expert aurantia "technical" Messina of antiquities, works with the Free Press "Office Shows," for which manages the heading "Milestones."
Courtesy of his Office Shows and these contributions also quoted in full on "Pheraimon.

The Aeolian Islands are synonymous with complete tourist offer for the discerning traveler in all aspects of the holiday. The specific geomorphological archipelago has made since antiquity a place of privileged attendance and active in the wiring system of the Mediterranean from the second millennium BC The Early Bronze Age is manifested by the Capo Graziano culture, the eponymous village on the island of Filicudi, which have two distinct phases, the first witness to some huts found in the saddle that connects the two Montagnole Filicudi, the second place between 1600 and 1400 BC with a retreat in the village.

Despite the defensive, however, was still alive open to sea traffic as witnessed by the presence of Mycenaean pottery in the area and materials of the cultural island in the Campania region, confirming the vitality of trade transmarini. Around 1400 BC the Bronze Age culture of Cape Graziano replaces Milazzese facies, named after the village on the island of Panarea also extends to the north coast of Sicily, especially in Messina to the large fortified village Faraglioni of Ustica. The most important material evidence of this phase is the village located on the plateau of the famous Bay Calajunco in Panarea. These are 21 huts of variable shape (scholars have estimated a total of 50 cabins for 200 people), mostly oval, some of which are recorded in square yards and divided into several rooms. The high was in stone, wooden roof and floor plan consists of a mixture of sand, sometimes paved.

Beyond the importance of cultural history of the charm Cape Milazzese is intensified by the extraordinary landscape that exudes a vision of a mythical place typical of the archipelago. A heritage to protect and promote similar initiatives by the recent opening of the museum submarine Filicudi. Just in the bottom of the shoal of Capo Graziano are preserved many relics of old Roman and modern greek-usable up to 45 meters deep, accompanied by diving allowed.

Alessio Toscano Raffa

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12: Roman Holiday

Friendship with the formidable archaeologist Messina Alessio Toscano Raffa allows us to raise a new tone and a new item in this blog, dedicated to Messina and Cape Pelorus, all'archeologia, alla storia, alla natura e alle leggende di questo territorio.
Alessio Toscano Raffa, redattore di AurAntica ed esperto conoscitore "tecnico" delle antichità messinesi, collabora con il Free Press "Ufficio Spettacoli", per il quale gestisce la rubrica "Pietre Miliari".
Per concessione sua e di Ufficio Spettacoli riportiamo per intero questi contributi anche su "Pheraimon".

Ritorna l’estate e, anche se sempre più brevi, ritornano le vacanze the Messina. Warm beaches, cool mountains, lonely places and melancholy in the cold season, we repopulate the men, weary and enervated by the violent rhythms of the city, looking for idle moments.
Today like yesterday, yesterday as two thousand years ago! Yes, because it was the Romans who invented the concept of summer vacation. Rome was a city characterized by traffic and noise that stress citizens, prompting them to seek peace elsewhere. Thus, during the warmer months, senators and aristocrats, freemen and slaves, all face a sort of pilgrimage to the most areas for the holidays. Exploded, suddenly, the fashion of the "beach house". The town of Bay, Gulf of Naples, fu il più popolare centro di villeggiatura estiva dell’antichità, luogo di attrazione e divertimento per ogni tipo di piacere, lecito o illecito. Un luogo immorale dove anche gli uomini più retti erano attirati da svaghi di ogni genere. In un celebre epigramma, Marziale, parlando di una giovane coppia, ricorda una virtuosa moglie, la quale giunta a Baia divenne tutta un fuoco e lo piantò in asso (sta parlando del marito!!) per correre via con un ragazzo; giunse a Baia Penelope se ne andò come Elena di Troia! I più ricchi vacanzieri vivevano in grandi dimore, così vicine al mare, che, dal terrazzo, si potevano trascorrere intere giornate a pescare. Ville regali all’interno delle quali si attendeva la visita di a friend, you can relax at the spa, lavish banquets were consumed. But the summer holidays were the preserve of the wealthy, people of every social class could rent rooms in one location and spend the day at the beach or a trip on a small boat. The range of resorts was very varied: mud baths, shops, amphitheatres, to quote the most modest.
Not much different from today as we approach the holidays, in search of relaxation and tranquility, a good night out with friends under the stars or a day at the beach with his family, including a country fair and an aperitif reinforced, including reading a good book or a magazine gossippara. Even the coasts
Messina were probably centers holidays and who knows, maybe the emperors came with their luxury yachts in Panarea and Stromboli or spend their days up and down the course of the ancient ... Tauromenion

Alessio Toscano Raffa