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The Moon Current and

currents of the Strait of Messina can be considered as true tidal currents, the main current flow is produced by the North while the one generated by the ebb down to the south. Four hours before the passage of the moon on the meridian of Faro reflux begins to be felt in Punta Peloro , then goes to Punta Peloro after hours and reach the lantern of S. Ranieri, at this point moves toward the tip of Reggio, then loses much of strength heading towards the Sicilian coast. At a time when the moon passes the meridian reflux reigning throughout the channel. At Punta Pezzo, after five hours the passage of the moon on the meridian, we see the current flow, while in the southern part of the strait there is still a downdraft. At Punta San Ranieri flow is felt two hours after its appearance at Punta Pezzo and is fully established in the canal four hours after his birth.

exit from the Strait then along the coast of Calabria to Sicily and headed Bagnara then off. The changing of the tides is not the case on a regular basis, the hours mentioned above are nothing more than an average of their change.

In the days of syzygies we have the fastest of the current moon phase, in quadrature the weakest. The maximum observed speed is 5 mph / h. The sides of the main currents, about an hour after their passage, are generated counterflow commonly called "bastards". The current meeting of the two waves of the sea and there causes a result of strong gusts or vortices, these scales sea. The Garofali are those gusts or vortices that arise in the meeting points of opposing currents and even where these meeting notevoli difficoltà di fondo, trovano ostacolo al loro sviluppo. I principali garofali sono quelli che si formano davanti a Scilla ed a Torre Faro , nel luogo del mitologico Cariddi. Di minore importanza poi sono quelli di S. Agata, Punta delle Grotte, Salvatore dei Greci, Punta Pezzo e Catona. Le correnti di marea nell’interno del porto di Messina durano tre ore ciascuna con intervallo di calma di tre ore.

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Strait and currents. Studies and TIPS.

Lo Stretto di Messina is a unique and fascinating place of special chaotic phenomena such as vortices (the mouths of Charybdis), the scales of sea, the oil stains.
These phenomena are due to a combination of factors related to tidal currents peculiar to this area and meeting / clash between two seas, the Tyrrhenian and Ionian seas with chemical and physical properties (salinity, temperature and density) different .
The Strait of Messina constitutes the link between the Tyrrhenian and Ionian basin, the first of the second deepest.
Morphologically similar to a funnel that reaches twice the minimum width along the joining Ganzirri -Punta Pezzo which is about 3.4 km. The water of the Ionian and the Tyrrhenian Sea have tides opposite the central part of the Strait is a anfitromico.

The Tyrrhenian Sea is on average colder and less salty Ionian even if, all along the coast between Giardini Naxos and Messina, the phenomena of "upwelling" by bringing water to the surface deep, which determine the ionic waters in the Strait are considerably colder than those occurring in the same share in other sites of the Ionian basin. In the summer surface water temperature differences are included in the Strait on average between 4 and 10 ° C. The transit through the Strait of Messina of different water masses, according to the current regime, therefore results in the meeting of the waters between them is not immediately miscible. Since only a part of the waters that are able to pass on the saddle in the basin adjacent to these and a large part, losing speed, parked on the edge of the Strait to return again with the next flow, you may experience frequent water bodies that , changing basin, are filled at different levels from the original function un nuovo equilibrio dinamico negli strati d’acqua del bacino ricevente.

Nella parte nord dello Stretto di Messina, nel bacino del Tirreno, fino al Golfo di Sant’Eufemia è stata notata la presenza di onde interne e, in conseguenza di ciò la circolazione di acque nello stretto può essere schematizzata nel modo seguente:

- al prevalere della corrente ionica (direzione nord-sud), acque ioniche profonde vengono sospinte dai moti di marea e risalgono la scarpata meridionale affiorando nella parte centro-settentrionale, questo è il cosiddetto fenomeno dell’upwelling;

- al prevalere della corrente tirrenica, le acque di questo bacino transitano verso sud, ma a causa della minore densità si dispongono esclusivamente in superficie; al di sotto dei trenta metri invece il bilancio è a favore dell’acqua ionica che, invadendo il bacino tirrenico, si colloca a profondità di circa 200-300 m.

Le correnti stazionarie a livello della sella sottomarina fluiscono verso Sud dalla superficie a 30 metri ed in senso inverso da questa profondità fino al fondo, con velocità che possono raggiungere anche i 50 cm/sec in particolari situazioni meteo-marine. La co-oscillazione delle masse Strait of water with the tides of the seas adjacent to the original tidal currents which, with nearly opposite phase and equal amplitude, are added to those stationary. The relative speeds can reach along the section of the saddle Ganzirri - Punta Pezzo, maximum values \u200b\u200bof 200 cm / sec in both the flow towards the north (the current "post"), and in the south (the current "going down"), involving all 'about the same intensity with the mass of water in its entirety. The most recent measurements indicate that the rate of movement of water in the Straits can reach, in particular times and thanks to the coincidence of several components, to to a maximum of 20 km / h.

When the Tyrrhenian Sea has a low tide on the northern edge of Strait, the adjacent Ionian Sea is at high tide and the other is the next change of tide. The difference in height (up to 27 cm) that is created which periodically determines the waters of both the basin may flow back into the adjacent space. More specifically, during the current "going down" the water flow on the Tyrrhenian lighter ion heavier until the whole central part of the Strait is filled with these flowing waters to the south contrast with the predominance of power " pillar, increasingly heavy water will affect the center of the Tyrrhenian basin sinking lighter than water, previously occupied the Straits to pour into the Tyrrhenian Sea and then once past the saddle. The meeting of two bodies of water (Ionian and Tyrrhenian) determines the onset of a whole series of phenomena that are attributable to instability dynamic that is created and dispersed in the well-known spectacular manifestations of turbulence, these " disorders "may arise with the current development horizontally (in the case of" cuts "and" scale of sea ") or vertical (in the case of" Garofalo "," bastards " and "oil spots"). For the phenomena of the first kind is of real waves, similar to those occurring at a rate of tidal estuaries, which develop when, in the case of the mast, the heavier water of the Ionian Sea rush against lighter water Tyrrhenian in a recession or when, in the case of descending, the waters of the Tyrrhenian slide quickly on those heavier ion, already present in the basin. These waves of discontinuity will grow at particular points ( Ganzirri , Torre Faro and Punta Pezzo) extending into the central part of the Strait , sometimes widen and intensify the action of strong winds pushing a type of water to another. With regard, however, the phenomena of vertical development is real eddies formed by the meeting of opposing currents and favorites by the irregularity of the fund. The main eddies are formed, however, in certain points with the current post.

is the mythological "Charybdis", south of Cape Pelorus . A big "Garofalo" format instead of the current going down is located between Punta S. Entrance of the port of Messina Raineri. I "Garofalo" have a cyclonic rotation and in the waters they lie heavy on the lighter ones stemming from turbulent motions. In the case of "oil spots" but the movement is anticyclonic and waters emerge at the center of the vortex showing a calm surface of oily appearance. As for the "bastards" they are the currents that develop along the coasts, with intensity proportional and opposite to the main flow, but variable from area to area.

Such high speeds and the huge volumes of water involved (over 750,000 m3 per second for a current of 200 cm / s), when compared to the means of navigation of the times omerici, indicano chiaramente perché lo stretto venisse considerato abitato da mostri in grado di ingoiare le imbarcazioni o farle naufragare nel volgere di poco tempo, come l’immane Cariddi: il mostro senza volto che risucchiava le navi dagli abissi producendo vortici e gorghi.

Uno dei fenomeni più interessanti legati al ritmo generale e locale delle correnti messinesi è rappresentato da un periodico ribollimento delle acque lungo le linee ad andamento trasversale che viene designato dai rivieraschi col nome "taglio", che ha origine nella zona di Capo Peloro . Ogni inversione di corrente, in ogni singola zona, suole essere accompagnata dal passaggio della linea del taglio. Il fenomeno dura pochi minuti manifestando un ribollimento, un’agitazione nel settore interessato. Questo settore si presenta cosparso di piccoli vortici rotanti rapidamente attorno ad un definito centro di risucchio. In seguito la striscia di mare agitato si sposta e percorre lo Stretto recando ovunque le stesse apparenze superficiali.

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Strait and currents. Notes Geographical and submarine

Lo Stretto di Messina, per gli aspetti morfologici, può essere rappresentato come un imbuto con la parte più stretta verso nord, in corrispondenza della congiungente ideale Capo Peloro ( Sicilia ) - Torre Cavallo ( Calabria ) to the south, however, this funnel opens gradually to traverse the AER (Calabria). The northern boundary is clearly identifiable, while the South may have a geographical or hydrological significance, which may be considered the ideal line joining Capo Taormina (Sicily ) with Capo d'Armi (Calabria). As hydrological area, including the northern border is much broader and includes the geographic area of \u200b\u200bthe Tyrrhenian Sea between Capo Milazzo , the arc of Aeolian Islands and the coasts of the Gulf of Gioia in Calabria.

With regard to the underwater profile of the Strait, it can be likened to a mountain, whose summit is the "saddle" (Deep 80 - 120 meters along the line joining Ganzirri - Punta Pezzo ), whose opposing sides have very different slopes. In this course, the fund has a median line irregular, with a maximum depth of 115 m , which divides a Western (near Ganzirri ) characterized by deep incisions to the east of Punta Pezzo, deeper, level. Characteristic of the northern sector of the Strait is the wide valley Scilla , with a more profound and steep (about 200 m ). The valley begins to flatten and then become less steep towards the Tyrrhenian Sea, where is called the Basin Palmi . The side walls of the valley, deep and steep, rising sharply, giving the cross section to form a "U". Wide and irregular depression, less incised (Valle di Messina), having also section ad "U", si riscontra nella parte meridionale. A profondità superiori ai 500 m , la Valle di Messina si stringe divenendo più profonda e dando origine ad un ripido canyon sottomarino (Canyon di Messina) che si protende fino alla piana batiale dello Ionio . Dal versante tirrenico siciliano, il fondo marino degrada lentamente fino a raggiungere i 1.000 m nell’area di Milazzo e, per trovare la batimetrica dei 2.000 m , si deve oltrepassare l’Isola di Stromboli . Nella parte meridionale (Mare Ionio ), invece, the slope is very steep and not far from the "seat" you can record the depth of 500 m between the cities of Messina and Reggio Calabria , beyond the widely just over 1,200 m in South (Punta Pellaro) to reach the 2,000 m joining the center of the ideal Capo Taormina - Capo d'Armi .

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Milestones 7: The ancient necropolis of Abacena and Epitymbia

Friendship with the formidable archaeologist Messina Alessio Toscano Raffa allows us to raise a new tone and a new item in this blog, dedicated to Messina and Cape Pelorus, archeology, history, nature and the laws of this territory.
Alessio Toscano Raffa, editor and expert aurantia "technical" Messina of antiquities, works with the Free Press "Office Shows," for which manages the heading "Milestones."
Courtesy of his Office Shows and these contributions also quoted in full on "Pheraimon.

The Mountain of Tripura, where the ancient center of Sicilian Abakainon dominates, a few kilometers from the Tyrrhenian coast, the promontory of Tindari . The indigenous center underwent the influence of early Greek presence in Sicily, even though between the fifth and fourth centuries. BC, during clashes between Syracuse and Carthage, the city of Abakainon always maintained a policy thread Punic. For the Hellenistic-Roman in the face of little literary evidence, are the archaeological sources to record the presence of a municipium named Abacaenum. Fragmentary inscription found, in fact, cites the name of one of the mayors (Maximum charge town) in the city. The systematic excavations, in successive rhythms alternate 50s, have unearthed the remains of a large structure (about 95 meters in length), interpreted as the boundary wall of the hole in the city. Other tests carried out on the slope above demonstrated the existence of a residential area of \u200b\u200bthe third century. Since the 90s BC the excavation activities have focused on the area of \u200b\u200bthe necropolis of Contrada Cardus, north of Pizzo Cisterna, in small part already explored in the 50s. Here emerged the interesting tombs scattered along a series of small terraces sloping acts to overcome the steep hills. These tombs stand for the elaborate architecture of epitymbia, the segnacoli placed above the tomb burials, made in the local gray sandstone. Epitymbia are various types, the most common nut has a base on which the stone is encased in a rectangular shape that is often engraved with the name of the deceased. There are also special constructions with bases consisting of steps made of large rectangular blocks, nut and decorations molded door stela. Some have even returned the rich outfits with metallic gold and the Hellenistic period. It is precious signet rings, necklaces, earrings and tiaras which, together with the monumental architecture, suggests the sector of the necropolis explored relevant to an upper-middle class. Archaeological research in the territory of Tripura has shown potential archaeological sites that deserve a better fate to a recent survey conducted in year 2003 by the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage, in collaboration with the University of Messina, has revealed that more rich settlement areas in the village Campogrande as that of many other evidence waiting to be explored and protected above all before the signs of aging and illicit excavations can permanently destroy them.

Alessio Toscano Raffa